In 1945, at the end of the Second World War, the “Blue Sun” of nationalist China seemed to be at its peak: it had reclaimed foreign concessions and become one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Yet behind this façade, corruption and brutality were rife. The Republic eventually fell in the civil war to Mao Zedong’s “Red Sun.” Defeated, Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Taiwan, while Mao began reshaping the Chinese state according to his vision.